This lecture series is organized by Cluster Deputy Coordinator Prof. Dr. Andreas Burkert. The purpose of these lectures is to make non-experts familiar with the basics and current research questions in astrophysics and cosmology. It is intended to provide the necessary interdisciplinary knowledge for nuclear/particle physicists in order to efficiently interact with the astronomy/cosmology community. Therefore, attendance for PhD students and postdocs of the Excellence Cluster Universe working in the field particle and nuclear physics is obligatory. Everybody is welcomed.